DEGREE Prelims& Mains

August Offer 1940 ▪️ In March 1940, Congress met at Ramgarh in Bihar in its annual session and passed a resolution offering the British Government support in the war, if a provisional National Government is setup at Centre. ▪️ In response to it, Lord Linlithgow proposed the August Offer. The August Offer turned down the demand of the Congress to set up a national Government at the center but proposed the following:…

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Dual Government in Bengal • After the battle of Buxar, the East India Company became the real masters of Bengal. • Robert Clive introduced the dual system of government, i.e., the rule of the two— the Company and the Nawab—in Bengal in which both the Diwani, i.e., collecting revenues, and Nizamat, i.e., police and judicial functions, came under the control of the Company. • The Company exercised Diwani rights as t…

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Treaty of Salbai (1782) • It marked the end of the first phase of the struggle between the Marathas and the British. • The Treaty of Salbai was signed in May 1782; it was ratified by Hastings in June 1782. The treaty guaranteed peace between the two sides for twenty years. The main provisions of the Treaty of Salbai were: • Salsette should continue in the possession of the English • The whole of the territory con…

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Treaty of Bassein (1802) • It was signed between the British East India Company and Baji Rao II, the Maratha Peshwa of Pune in 1802. As per the treaty, the Peshwa agreed to: • Receive from the Company a native infantry with the usual proportion of field artillery and European artillerymen attached, to be permanently stationed in his territories • Cede to the Company territories yielding an income of Rs 26 lakh • …

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The Hunter Committee of Inquiry • The massacre at Jallianwalla Bagh shocked Indians and many Britishers as well. The Secretary of State for India, Edwin Montagu, ordered that a committee of inquiry be formed to investigate the matter. • So, on October 14, 1919, the Government of India announced the formation of the Disorders Inquiry Committee, known as the Hunter Committee/ Commission after the name of chairman, Lo…

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Attlee’s Statement • Clement Attlee, the British Prime Minister made an announcement on February 20, 1947 declaring the British intention of leaving the Indian subcontinent. It said: • A deadline of June 30, 1948 was fixed for transfer of power even if the Indian politicians had not agreed by that time on the constitution. • The British would relinquish power either to some form of central government or in some ar…

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WOMEN’S ORGANISATIONS • In 1910, Sarla Devi Chaudhurani convened the first meeting of the Bharat Stree Mahamandal in Allahabad. • Ramabai Ranade founded the Ladies Social Conference (Bharat Mahila Parishad), under the parent organisation National Social Conference, in 1904 in Bombay. • Pandita Ramabai Saraswati founded the Arya Mahila Samaj to serve the cause of women. She pleaded for improvement in the educationa…

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PAKISTAN RESOLUTION (1940) • Muhammad Ali Jinnah called for the 27th annual session of All India Muslim League which was held from March 22 to 24, 1940 at Lahore. It was in this session the Pakistan Resolution was passed. • This resolution called for “grouping of geographically contiguous areas where Muslims are in majority (North-West and East) into independent states in which constituent units shall be autonomous…

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CHARTER ACT OF 1833 • The Governor-General of Bengal became the Governor-General of India. • The Company’s monopoly over trade with China in tea also ended. • The commercial functions of the company in India were taken away completely and the company henceforth was to remain in India only as a political functionary. • A law member was added to the governorgeneral’s council for professional advice on law-making. …

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TIPU SULTAN • Tipu Sultan was born in November 1750 to Haidar Ali and Fatima. A well-educated man, he could freely converse in Arabic, Persian, Kanada, and Urdu. • He organized his army on the European model with Persian words of command. • Tipu was a patron of science and technology. • He is credited as the ‘pioneer of rocket technology’ in India. He wrote a military manual explaining the operation of rockets. …

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Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and Government of India Act, 1919 • The British government, not prepared to part with or even share its power with the Indians, once again resorted to the policy of ‘carrot and stick’. The carrot was represented by the insubstantial Montagu- Chelmsford Reforms, while measures such as the Rowlatt Act represented the stick. Main Features • Provincial Government • Introduction of Dyarchy. …

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JINNAH DIRECT ACTION RESOLUTION • The Muslim League under Mohammad Ali Jinnah withdrew its acceptance from the long-term plan of Cabinet Mission in response to Nehru’s statement and gave a call for “direct action” from August 16 to achieve Pakistan. • Nehru during the Constitutional Assembly election stated, “We are not bound by a single thing except that we have decided to go into the Constituent Assembly (implyin…

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