Telegram RegisterThe public register of Telegram
Telegram profile photo for Рустам Ковальски и Kowalski team

Channel

Рустам Ковальски и Kowalski team

@kowalski_team

On this record: Topic · Growth · Engagement · What this channel posts · Reactions · Stars · Posts · Citations · Telegram's recommendations · Cite this entry

23,352subscribers

-134 since we began measuring on 6 August 2026

Risers and fallers across the register · movement among entries of 10,000–31,623.

Register entry

Telegram ID-1001593145367
TypeChannel
Username@kowalski_team
DescriptionНовости и эксклюзивный контент от Рустама Ковальски
Created11 March 2022 — measured — cross-checked against a third-party dataset (ext.tg_channel)
First recorded6 August 2026
Last confirmed live7 November 2026
Measurements held59
Confirmed unchanged1 time, most recently 7 November 2026
On Telegramt.me/kowalski_team

Topic

Other / unclassifiable — a classification, not a measurement. An on-box language model (Qwen3.6-35B-A3B-FP8, prompt version 1) read this channel’s own recent posts on 10 September 2026 and assigned it the closest of 31 fixed categories, at 78% confidence. This is a model’s judgement about what the channel is likely to be about, not a fact this register measured the way a subscriber count or a view count is measured — it can be revised on a later pass, and it carries no weight anywhere else on this page. How this classification works, and the other topics.

Growth

23,35223,51523,433.56 August 2026 — 23,486 subscribers6 August 2026 — 23,486 subscribers7 August 2026 — 23,485 subscribers8 August 2026 — 23,489 subscribers9 August 2026 — 23,495 subscribers10 August 2026 — 23,499 subscribers12 August 2026 — 23,504 subscribers13 August 2026 — 23,515 subscribers14 August 2026 — 23,506 subscribers16 August 2026 — 23,503 subscribers17 August 2026 — 23,498 subscribers18 August 2026 — 23,502 subscribers19 August 2026 — 23,493 subscribers21 August 2026 — 23,498 subscribers22 August 2026 — 23,491 subscribers24 August 2026 — 23,493 subscribers25 August 2026 — 23,501 subscribers26 August 2026 — 23,494 subscribers27 August 2026 — 23,493 subscribers29 August 2026 — 23,490 subscribers30 August 2026 — 23,486 subscribers31 August 2026 — 23,490 subscribers1 September 2026 — 23,478 subscribers2 September 2026 — 23,473 subscribers3 September 2026 — 23,472 subscribers5 September 2026 — 23,471 subscribers8 September 2026 — 23,452 subscribers11 September 2026 — 23,434 subscribers13 September 2026 — 23,433 subscribers14 September 2026 — 23,437 subscribers16 September 2026 — 23,443 subscribers18 September 2026 — 23,447 subscribers1 October 2026 — 23,422 subscribers6 October 2026 — 23,416 subscribers11 October 2026 — 23,425 subscribers14 October 2026 — 23,429 subscribers16 October 2026 — 23,425 subscribers17 October 2026 — 23,415 subscribers18 October 2026 — 23,418 subscribers19 October 2026 — 23,409 subscribers19 October 2026 — 23,406 subscribers20 October 2026 — 23,397 subscribers22 October 2026 — 23,391 subscribers23 October 2026 — 23,375 subscribers24 October 2026 — 23,371 subscribers25 October 2026 — 23,372 subscribers26 October 2026 — 23,370 subscribers27 October 2026 — 23,363 subscribers28 October 2026 — 23,359 subscribers29 October 2026 — 23,360 subscribers30 October 2026 — 23,366 subscribers31 October 2026 — 23,379 subscribers1 November 2026 — 23,380 subscribers2 November 2026 — 23,368 subscribers3 November 2026 — 23,371 subscribers4 November 2026 — 23,372 subscribers5 November 2026 — 23,361 subscribers6 November 2026 — 23,360 subscribers7 November 2026 — 23,352 subscribers6 August 20267 November 2026
59 measurements spanning 94 days, net -134. Dots are measurements; the straight line between them is drawn to join them, not to claim we know the path taken in between — snapshots are recorded only when a count changes, so gaps mean “no change observed”, never “interpolated”. The vertical axis spans 23,328–23,539 and does not start at zero.
Measurement log — every subscribers count we have recorded, most recent 20 of 59
Measured (UTC)SubscribersChange
7 Nov 2026, 20:4623,352-8
6 Nov 2026, 16:1823,360-1
5 Nov 2026, 14:0123,361-11
4 Nov 2026, 13:3723,372+1
3 Nov 2026, 10:0823,371+3
2 Nov 2026, 10:2723,368-12
1 Nov 2026, 07:5523,380+1
31 Oct 2026, 10:4423,379+13
30 Oct 2026, 10:1623,366+6
29 Oct 2026, 06:4523,360+1
28 Oct 2026, 03:0423,359-4
27 Oct 2026, 00:0423,363-7
26 Oct 2026, 01:5823,370-2
25 Oct 2026, 01:0823,372+1
24 Oct 2026, 01:1723,371-4
23 Oct 2026, 02:0623,375-16
22 Oct 2026, 04:1923,391-6
20 Oct 2026, 23:0523,397-9
19 Oct 2026, 23:5623,406-3
19 Oct 2026, 03:2623,409first reading

Engagement

36 posts held, back to 30 July 2026 — the reader has not yet reached the start of this channel’s public history, so older posts may sit further back, unread. Read across 112 pages of Telegram’s post history, 20 posts per page.

ERR · 30 days
13.3%
avg views ÷ 23,352 subscribers
Avg views / post
3,110
18 posts measured
Reaction rate
1.49%
reactions ÷ views · ER floor
Posts in window
18
of 36 held

ERR is average views per post over the last 30 days divided by subscribers, the definition TGStat uses, so this figure is comparable with the one you will see elsewhere. It falls structurally as a channel grows: a high ERR on a small channel and a low one on a large channel describe reach mathematics, not quality. We publish the figure and the sample it came from and pass no verdict on it.

ER is defined industry-wide as (forwards + reactions + comments) ÷ views — note the denominator is views, not subscribers. Telegram’s public web preview carries views and reactions but not forward or comment counts, so the reaction rate above is the reactions term only and is therefore a floor: the true ER for this channel is higher by an amount we have not measured and will not estimate.

What these figures were computed from
WindowRolling 30 days · latest post in window 8 November 2026
Posts held36 (30 July 2026 – 8 November 2026)
Views total55,943
Reactions total836
Forwards / commentsnot exposed by the public surface — not measured, not estimated
Readings taken8 Nov 2026, 14:33 UTC

Views are a single reading per post, taken at the time above. A post published in the last day or two is still accumulating views, which pulls the 30-day average down slightly. That is a property of the standard definition rather than a fault in it, so we keep the definition rather than “correcting” the number into something nobody can reproduce.

Precision. Telegram publishes view counts on its public widget in short form — 8.12K, 3.7M — so any reading at or above 1,000 reaches us rounded to three significant figures, and only counts below 1,000 are exact. Averages and rates derived from them are shown to the same precision rather than to the unit: a figure like 3,701,250 would assert digits nobody measured.

Reaction counts are published per emoji and rounded the same way, so a total below 1,000 is exact and a larger one is a sum that may carry a rounded component from each emoji above 1,000. Because it is a sum, it does not look rounded — read a large reaction total as three significant figures per contributing emoji rather than as the figure it prints.

What this channel posts

Photos
≈1,030
Videos
≈304
Links
≈472

Lifetime counters from Telegram’s own channel header, read 8 November 2026 — not the date at the top of this page, which is when the subscriber count was last read. A count marked ≈ was rounded by Telegram before we ever saw it — t.me prints these counters in full below 1,000 and to three significant figures above, so ≈142,000 means somewhere between 141,500 and 142,499.

Video runtime
34m 17s
Average length
2m 38s

Measured directly from 13 videos with a duration reading, out of the posts we hold for this channel — not this channel’s whole posting history, only the sample this register has actually read. An exact reading to the second, taken from the post itself rather than from Telegram’s own rounded chrome, so it carries no ≈ mark.

Reaction mix

1,647 reactions across 36 posts, in 17 distinct kinds. The most used accounts for 41.2% of them.

Every reaction kind recorded on the sample, most used first
ReactionCountShareShare, drawn
❤67941.2%
👍56034.0%
🔥31619.2%
❤‍🔥382.31%
😭120.729%
🤣100.607%
🤝70.425%
😁60.364%
💘50.304%
💯30.182%
🫡30.182%
👎20.121%
🥰20.121%
🎉10.061%
🏆10.061%
🐳10.061%
👻10.061%

No sentiment is inferred, and none should be read in. This table is ordered by count and by nothing else. Emoji do not carry stable meaning across languages or communities — 🙏 is thanks in one channel and mourning in another — so we publish which ones were pressed and how often, and pass no judgement on what an audience meant by them.

Precision. Telegram publishes reaction counts per emoji and short-forms each one — 4.34K, 1.2M — so any single kind at or above 1,000 reaches us at three significant figures, and only counts below 1,000 are exact. The shares above are ratios of those figures and carry the same error. This is also why the total here can differ slightly from a reaction total printed elsewhere on the page: both are sums of the same rounded parts, taken over samples with different edges.

Coverage. Reactions were read on 36 of the 36 sampled posts in this sample. Summed by Telegram’s own count on each post — not by adding up the per-emoji breakdown above — those same posts carry 1,647 reactions in total: the kind of figure the paragraph above means by “a reaction total printed elsewhere on the page”.

Measured over the 36 most recent posts we hold, published 30 July 2026 to 8 November 2026, using the newest reading held for each. Telegram Stars are excluded: they are a payment, not a reaction, and they have their own section.

Telegram Stars

Stars received
2
across the posts below
Posts paid on
2
of 36 we hold a reading for · 6%
Most on one post
1
single highest reading

A paid reaction is a reader spending Telegram Stars — bought with money — on a post by @kowalski_team. Telegram publishes the count on the public post preview alongside ordinary reactions, and this register reads it there. It is the only figure on this site that measures money moving rather than attention.

Stars are not reactions, and the two are never added. They are rendered in the same strip on Telegram and counted in the same shape, but one is a tap and the other is a purchase. The reaction totals and the engagement rate elsewhere on this page exclude every figure in this section, and no rate here is computed against a reaction count.

This is not revenue, and we publish no currency figure. What a Star costs a reader and what it pays a channel are different numbers, Telegram takes a share we cannot observe, and the terms have changed. Converting a Star count into money would be an estimate dressed as a measurement, so the count is where we stop.

Counted over the 36 most recent posts we hold for this entry, published 30 July 2026 to 8 November 2026. Star counts above 1,000 reach us in Telegram’s short form and carry the same three-significant-figure rounding as everything else on this page.

Recent posts

Telegram’s own ‘edited’ marker: 0 of 18 posts held from the last 30 days (0%) carried it when this register last read them. The marker says a post was changed after publishing, not what it said before — this register holds the earlier wording only where an edit fell between two of its own reads (see the edit ledger and how it is measured).

8 Nov 2026, 10:52 UTC753 views36 reactions1 Starread 8 November 2026
Photo

Для человека который никогда не был знаком с платформой АЕК, первая разборка и сборка без какой либо подготовки - настоящая загадка. Но приложив логику и ум - всё получается))

❤23🔥9👍4

7 Nov 2026, 04:32 UTC≈1,520 views49 reactionsread 8 November 2026
Photo

Сегодня мы уже в Екатеринбурге на выставке СТРАЙК ЭКСПО Подходите, пообщаемся))

❤38🔥10👍1

5 Nov 2026, 12:14 UTC≈1,970 views33 reactionsread 8 November 2026
Forwarded from @tactical_girlPhoto

На выставке ОРЕЛ ЭКСПО посетила стенд Белорусского холдинга «Марко» где самые душевные ребята которые занимаются изготовлением обуви, кожаных изделий, замечательных меховых изделий и просто шикарных напитков. Помимо этого огромное охотхозяйство, куда мы обязательно съездим и от души отдохнем

👍28❤3🥰2

5 Nov 2026, 07:05 UTC≈2,130 views41 reactionsread 8 November 2026
Photo

Я уже на выставке «ОРЕЛ EXPO» Меня можно будет найти на стенде ВАРЯГ D61 Заглядывайте))

❤27👍9🔥4💘1

2 Nov 2026, 06:45 UTC≈3,110 views20 reactionsread 8 November 2026
Forwarded from @varyagarmorPhoto

🫥ВАРЯГ | ОРЁЛ ЭКСПО — 2026 Приглашаем вас посетить стенд «ВАРЯГ» на выставке «ОРЁЛ ЭКСПО — 2026»! На нашем стенде вы сможете познакомиться с продукцией компании, лично оценить качество и конструктивные особенности экипировки, задать интересующие вопросы и обсудить возможности сотрудничества. И это ещё не всё! Для гостей нашего стенда мы подготовили розыгрыши ценных призов! Не упустите возможность познакомиться с …

🔥16❤4

2 Nov 2026, 06:45 UTC≈2,610 views17 reactionsread 8 November 2026

4-5 ноября буду на данной выставке, меня можно будет найти на их стенде))

❤17

1 Nov 2026, 07:33 UTC≈3,190 views114 reactionsread 8 November 2026
Video

Едем с пацанами на движуху 1994..

❤67👍30🔥9🤣8

26 Oct 2026, 16:27 UTC≈4,510 views68 reactionsread 8 November 2026
Photo

Что у нас здесь происходит?

❤53👍13🔥2

26 Oct 2026, 07:22 UTC≈4,410 views74 reactionsread 8 November 2026
Video

Пятиточечник (поджопник) раскладной + НОСИЛКИ 2в1 от СОКЛ

👍62❤8❤‍🔥4

22 Oct 2026, 08:00 UTC≈5,610 views30 reactionsread 8 November 2026
Photo

В минувшие выходные я посетил Воин Экспо 2026. Был рад встретить некоторых из Вас, товарищи подписчики. Так же был рад видеть коллег по съёмочному цеху. На самой выставке я выступил с лекцией на тему "Боевая подготовка с нуля", где я объяснял как выстраивается боевая подготовка, какие бывают программы и какие бывают обучаемые (Презентация будет по ссылке ниже). Слушателей было очень много, а это радует. Спасибо Вам ч…

❤21👍7🔥2

22 Oct 2026, 05:33 UTC≈3,160 views47 reactionsread 8 November 2026
Forwarded from @voen_producerVideo

ПРЕМЬЕРА! «ПОЗЫВНОЙ БЕЛЫЙ». 1 СЕРИЯ 25 ДНЕЙ В ТЫЛУ ВРАГА. ИСТОРИЯ, КОТОРАЯ СТАЛА ЛЕГЕНДОЙ. Друзья, сегодня большой и очень волнительный для меня день. Представляю вам первую серию нашего четырёхсерийного художественно-документального фильма «ПОЗЫВНОЙ БЕЛЫЙ» из авторского проекта Николая Цонку «ЛБС. Люди Большой Страны». В основе картины — реальные события и невероятная история разведчика 71-го мотострелкового полка …

👍42❤5

21 Oct 2026, 12:55 UTC≈3,210 views51 reactionsread 8 November 2026
Photo

На выставке«ВОИН ЭКСПО» обнаружил вот такой интересный КАП от Stich Profi . Думаю что такими КАПы станут в будущем. Не воняет, легко стирается, легко вентилируется. Молодцы парни, делаете что-то новое. Выглядит даже футуристично)

❤‍🔥33🔥10❤3💘3👍2

Showing the 12 most recent of 36 posts we hold for @kowalski_team. View and reaction counts are the latest single reading for each post, not a live figure, and a recent post is still accumulating both. A view count marked ≈ was rounded by Telegram before we ever saw it — t.me prints views in full below 1,000 and to three significant figures above, so ≈1,200,000 means somewhere between 1,150,000 and 1,249,999. Unmarked counts are exact. Text is reproduced from the public post preview and truncated for length.

Stars beside a post are paid reactions — Telegram Stars, bought with money and spent on that post. They are a different unit from reactions and are never added to them, here or anywhere else on this page.

Forward network

Republished by

Channels on the register that have forwarded this channel's posts into their own feed.

Built only from forwarded posts we have actually read, on both sides. Coverage is early and deliberately incomplete: a missing link means we have not read the post that would prove it, never that the relationship does not exist. Counts are distinct forwarded posts observed, so they only ever go up as we read more.

Mentions

Named by 5 registered channels — every channel on the register whose own posts have named this one, by its current username or any other username it currently holds, merged from two separately captured readings of the same fact so a namer caught by only one of them is not missed and a namer both caught is not counted twice. A username this channel has since dropped is not matched — that handle may belong to someone else now, and crediting today’s namer to yesterday’s owner would misattribute it.

Names

Channels on the register whose handles appear in this channel's posts.

APEX
@apex_wear · 3,866
3 posts
ARMACON Arms Devices 2.0
@armaconarms · 1,703
1 post
Центр «ВОИН»
@crvsp2023 · 11,872
1 post
ДОСААФ России
@dosaaf_russia · 2,715
1 post
FORСE TIME | перчатки профессиональные
@force_time_ural · 297
1 post
Garsingshop.ru
@garsingshop · 758
1 post
GRIFF GEAR снаряжение и экипировка
@griffgear · 2,863
1 post
Композиции Защиты | Экипировка
@komzasEkip · 1,198
1 post
ДИВИЖН "Улей"
@kvadrobersSpN · 931
1 post
Longot Россия
@Longot_Russia_group · 592
1 post
Движение Первых
@mypervie · 199,992
1 post
Milgear & Phantom group
@phantommilgeargroup · 6,512
1 post
⚡️13-й ШТУРМОВОЙ «РУСИЧИ»⚡️
@rusich13sho · 15,570
1 post
Оператор дробовика 🇷🇺
@shotgunoperator · 10,010
1 post
СОКЛ. Средства снижения заметности.
@sokl_lab · 2,137
1 post
СТРАЙК ЭКСПО 2026 - Екатеринбург. 7-8 ноября
@strike_expo · 151
1 post
Тактическая штучка
@tactical_girl · 489
1 post
Тактические Решения | Оружейные ремни "ДОЛГ"
@tdrussiacom · 802
1 post
™️GARSING - обувь и экипировка.
@tmgarsing · 71
1 post
Северный Медик⛑
@vaeeeeeni · 1,019
1 post
ООО «Варяг» — Воевода 14/23
@varyagarmor · 2,439
1 post
🎥 ВОЕННЫЙ ПРОДЮСЕР — Цонку Николай
@voen_producer · 30,870
1 post
Воин Экспо
@voinexpo · 574
1 post
Юнармия
@yunarmya · 17,310
1 post

A mention is a weaker signal than a forward and is counted separately for that reason — naming a channel is not republishing it, and a handle in a post body is easy to place deliberately. The post counts beside each row below are distinct posts in which the handle appeared, from posts we have read on both sides — the “Named by N registered channels” figure above is a different count, of distinct NAMING CHANNELS rather than posts, and is not the sum of the rows under it.

Channels Telegram recommends alongside this one

Telegram’s own answer, not this register’s. When this register asks Telegram’s API what is similar to this channel, this is the list it returns, in the exact order Telegram returns it — never re-sorted by subscribers or by anything else this register measures. The relationship, and the order, are Telegram’s; we record them and date them, and make no claim of our own about which of these channels actually resemble this one.

Блог Бронеэлементов Сомова
@somovarmor · 2,398
#1
ПТСР TEAM Community
@ptsr_team · 37,957
#2
Наука побеждать
@naukapobezhdatZ · 51,646
#3
🇷🇺 Военный Обзор Иван Савин
@VoenObzorTelega · 10,440
#4
Крупнокалиберный Переполох
@bolshiepushki · 322,903
#5
АРХАНГЕЛ СПЕЦНАЗА
@arx_spn · 1,019,931
#6
Shawarma Unicorn
@shawarma_unicorn · 13,740
#7
Смертельный номер 👉👈
@smertnomr · 12,822
#8
НВП и ОБЖ «Пищеблок»
@a1Pwfpbt_V2gxZTJi · 44,088
#9
Русскій ВарягЪ
@varyag_division · 6,859
#10
Повёрнутые на войне 🇷🇺
@voenacher · 658,722
#11
Операция Z: Военкоры Русской Весны
@rvvoenkor · 1,452,598
#12
Кирилл Фёдоров / Война История Оружие
@warhistoryalconafter · 478,412
#13
Fighterbomber
@bomber_fighter · 525,601
#14
Канал специального назначения
@okspn · 130,500
#15
WARTECH
@wartechgear · 11,022
#16
СОЛДАТ УДАЧИ
@Soldieroffortune777 · 118,816
#17
Говорит ТопаZ 🪖
@Love_Russia_Beauty · 114,696
#18
Белорусский силовик
@belarusian_silovik · 449,867
#19
ХИЛЕР l HEALER
@HealerTacMed · 130,335
#20
Colonelcassad
@boris_rozhin · 751,300
#21
SimpDungeon☠️
@grpzdc · 176,603
#22
Старше Эдды
@vysokygovorit · 485,137
#23
Военный Осведомитель
@milinfolive · 614,775
#24
Тактика и специальная подготовка
@tactical_z · 66,318
#25
Опасный Бизнес
@OpasniyBiznes · 96,388
#26
Тринадцатый.
@Z13_Separ · 208,816
#27
Белые дяди в Африке🌴
@wagner_group2022 · 124,152
#28
ZАПИСКИ VЕТЕРАНА 🇷🇺
@notes_veterans · 273,909
#29
WarGonzo
@wargonzo · 738,337
#30
Beard_Cliff
@beard_cliff · 6,377
#31
Dez_informator
@dez_informator · 12,592
#32
Бладсикер 2.0
@bIoodsiker · 211,281
#33
W. M. P.
@warmempolit · 34,567
#34
Española | Организация «Эспаньола». ОФ
@spainrus · 101,521
#35
Центр Навыков Безопасности "КОБРА"
@Cobra_TacticAll · 12,244
#36
Учебка ТСП
@UchebkaSpN · 8,548
#37
Сладков+
@sladkov_plus · 693,622
#38
Yujin_Mamedof Official 😶‍🌫🥵🫥☠😺🦿👣🪖🐀
@yujin_mamedov · 3,883
#39
Русский меч
@Rrussiansword · 164,753
#40
Одна нога здесь, другая там!
@combat_engineer · 94,074
#41
Воевода Вещает
@ZOV_Voevoda · 166,514
#42
Минобороны России
@mod_russia · 650,259
#43
Месть доброй воли
@Mestb_Dobroj_Voli · 100,129
#44
Ратное Дело
@ratnoe_delo · 23,612
#45
Русская Община ZOV
@obshina_ru · 587,562
#46
𝙁𝙞𝙯𝙧𝙪𝙠 |
@fizruk_80 · 5,877
#47
ПИСАРЬ ИЗ СПЕЦНАZА
@specnaz_com · 27,323
#48
Arm.Taktik27
@Arm_taktik27 · 34,168
#49
Тактическая штучка
@tactical_girl · 489
#50
Курс огневой подготовки
@firearms_edu · 16,260
#51
KROSSLAB | WAR TESTED | Official
@kross_lab · 6,045
#52
Медицинское направление Проекта LEAF
@LEAFMED · 13,389
#53

Read from Telegram’s recommendation API, most recently 18 September 2026. Telegram holds a list like this for a small and growing share of the register — how this is measured, and why most channel pages show nothing here.

Appears in Telegram’s recommendations for other channels

The reverse of the list above, and a different kind of signal. This does not require this channel to have ever been asked about directly — each row below is a channel we DID ask Telegram about, whose Telegram-generated list happened to include this one. A channel can appear here with an empty list above it, because being named by someone else’s query is independent of having been queried itself.

НВП и ОБЖ «Пищеблок»
@a1Pwfpbt_V2gxZTJi · 44,088
Telegram ranks this channel #18 of 58 here — alongside 57 others — read 11 September 2026
НВП73
@nvp_73 · 26,742
Telegram ranks this channel #38 of 60 here — alongside 59 others — read 11 September 2026
Arm.Taktik27
@Arm_taktik27 · 34,168
Telegram ranks this channel #47 of 60 here — alongside 59 others — read 11 September 2026

This channel appears in 3 seed channels' Telegram-generated recommendation lists in total. Each is Telegram’s list for THAT channel, not this one — see how this is measured.

Cite this entry

A live page changes as we take new readings, so a citation should name the measurement it is based on, not just the URL. The line below cites the subscriber count as measured 7 November 2026 — this entry's latest reading, not the date you are reading this.

“Рустам Ковальски и Kowalski team” (@kowalski_team), 23,352 subscribers as measured 7 November 2026. Telegram Register, tgregister.com/channel/kowalski_team.

Full measurement history, CC BY 4.0. Every reading this register holds for this entry, not just the latest one, as a dated, downloadable record: CSV · JSON. Free to use with attribution to tgregister.com. Each file carries its own generation timestamp, which is the figure to cite for exactly when the data was retrieved.